G‌R‌E‌C‌O‌-R‌O‌M‌A‌N‌ P‌E‌R‌I‌O‌D‌


1.Ancient Greece

Three periods:

1. Archaic:

 Before the Archaic period, it was the Greek Dark Ages, characterized by ignorance, injustices, and various kinds of misery

2. Classical

3. Hellenistic

Archaic Period

 About 9th cent BC to 5th cent BC
 City-states formed
 Constantly at war with one another
 Ruled by tyrants
 Persians were their common enemy
 Poets: Homer, Hesiod and Sappho

Classical Period

 5th-4th century
 Athens
 Athens emerged as the most powerful of the Greek city-states
 Ruled by the famous ruler, Pericles
 Tremendous flowering of the arts and letters
 Disciplines such as political thought, aesthetics, physics, ethics, linguistics, biology, logic and mathematics developed

2.Rise of Philosophy

 Pre-Socratic philosophers (6th century BC)
 Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Xenophanes of Colophon, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, Sophists
 Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Hellenistic Period

 The period is from the time of Alexander the Great
 Alexander died in 323 BC
 Alexander’s successors established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa
 Upto the Roman annexation of Greece in 146 BC (2nd cent.)
 After this, “Roman period” in Greece 
 Conquests of Alexander the Great during this period spanned the Persian Empire and reached as far as India 
 Greek culture and thought spread outside the nation into the other regions of the Mediterranean
 Rise of Roman Empire during this period
 Rise of Roman Classicism

Early Roman History

 In Rome, monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the republic in the 6th century BC
 Republic is the rule by elected representatives
 1st cent. BC: Transitional period, Republic was transforming into an Empire
 Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar rose to being dictator (equivalent of emperor)
 On the Ides of March, that means the 15th of March, 44 BC, Julius Caesar was assassinated by the
republicans (people who supported the republic against the empire)
 Civil War broke out between republicans and Caesar’s supporters

The Roman Empire

 In the Civil War, republicans were defeated
 Antony, Octavian and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate
 Another Civil War broke out between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and his beloved, Cleopatra of Egypt
 This was the Battle of Actium of 31 BC, the final war of the Roman Republic
 Antony and Cleopatra died 
 Octavius Caesar won and became the first emperor of Rome.  And he took the title Augustus Caesar  Augustus Caesar (63 BC-AD 14)
 The first Emperor of Rome
 Defeated Mark Antony and boasted on his deathbed that he turned Rome from clay to marble
 Height of Roman empire’s wealth & political security
 His greatest achievement was Pax Romana, or Roman Peace
 Patron of arts and letters
 Classical poets Virgil, Horace, Ovid lived during his reign

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