Ba study material

Speech Organ in Phonetics In phonetics, the speech organs refer to the various parts of the human anatomy involved in producing speech sounds. These organs work together to manipulate airflow and shape the vocal tract to create different sounds. Here's a breakdown of the main speech organs: 1. Lungs : The lungs provide the airflow necessary for speech production. Air from the lungs passes through the trachea and into the oral and nasal cavities. 2. Larynx : The larynx, or voice box, contains the vocal cords. When air passes through the vocal cords, they vibrate, producing sound. The larynx also plays a role in pitch modulation. 3. Pharynx : The pharynx is the cavity at the back of the mouth and nose. It serves as a passageway for both air and food. It also plays a role in resonance and articulation of certain sounds. 4. Oral Cavity : The oral cavity, or mouth, is where most speech sounds are formed. It includes the tongue, teeth, lips, and hard and soft palates. These structures ma...

A- Jordan Tannhill Plays,- Botticelli in the fire, Sunday in the Sodom. Themes- sexuality, identity, the body. B- Hannah Miscovitc     Plays- East of Berlin, This is War Themes- History, Memory, Trauma. C- Daniel Macivor Plays- House, Here lies Henery. Themes- Identity, Memoirs, discovery. D- Catherine Barks Plays- It is solved by walking, Bone cage. Themes- rural life, class and family E- Collen Murphy Plays- The December man, Pig Girl Themes- Violence, Trauma, social justice.

👉 Feminism started as a political movement in 1960s 👉 Virginia Woolf's popular lectures published as essays in the title 'A Room of One's Own'. 👉 The Second Sex (1949) is a popular work written by Simone De Beauvoir. 👉 Toril Moi, a French Philosopher, has written the work 'Feminist Literary Criticism ' 👉 According to Toril Moi, the term ' Feminism ' is a 'political position ' 👉 According to Toril Moi, the term Femine' is culturally defined characteristics. 👉 Toril Moi demystifies the term female as a matter of biology. 👉 Patriarchy/paternal authority perpetuated the sexual inequality in men and women. 👉 Elaine Showalter is an American Feminist critic . 👉 The term 'gynocritics'is coined by Elaine Showalter in 1970s 👉 The aim of 'gynocritics' is to construct a female framework for the analysis of women's Literature. 👉 The right order of three phrases of feminist literary history by Elaine Showalter is ' femin...

Neel Mukherjee   London based Indian English language writer. Notable works A-- Past Continuous or A life Apart . Published in two parts, in the first part it was published in 2008 named Past Continuous,and in second part it was published in 2010 named A Fall Apart(UK) B - The Lives of Others (2014)  Set in -Calcutta Idealistically motivated Supratik has become associated with extremist political activism . He disappears leaving only a note. The life and features of a family he has left behind take a disastrous turn, mirrored in the society around them. C- A State of Freedom.

1. Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce, considered one of the most important works of modernist literature.  2. The novel chronicles the experiences of three Dubliners over the course of a single day, 16 June 1904.  3. Leopold Bloom, an advertiser, is the protagonist of the novel.  4. The novel is a loose adaptation of Homer's epic poem The Odyssey, establishing parallels between Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus.  5. The novel is highly allusive and written in a variety of styles, with a stream of consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose.  6. It's celebrated for its rich characterisation, broad humour, and its treatment of complex themes like antisemitism, human sexuality, British rule in Ireland, Catholicism, and Irish nationalism.  7. The novel was first serialized in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and the enti...

John Milton (1608 – 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth  of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and  political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank  Poetry • Lycidas (1638) • Poems (1645) • Paradise Lost (1667) • Paradise Regained (1671) • Samson Agonistes (1671) Drama • Arcades (1632) • Comus (1634) Non-Fiction • Of Reformation Touching Church Discipline in England (1641) • The Reason of Church Government Urged Against Prelaty (1642) • The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643) • Areopagitica (1644) • Of Education (1644) • The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649) • A Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes (1659) Development of Milton’s Mind and Art Introduction There were three stages in the development of Milton's poetic genius. In the first stage come all the early  poems up to...

1. Allegory: - is a literary work that has an implied meaning. 2. Act: - is the major division of a drama. 3. Antithesis: -is contrast or polarity in meaning. 4. Allusion: -is a reference to an idea, place, person or text existing outside the literary work. 5. Auto-Biography: -is the history of one’s life written by one self. 6. Alliteration:-the repetition of a consonant in two or more words. 7. Ballad: -is a song which tells a story. 8. Biography: -is the history of a person’s life by one else. 9. Blank Verse: -Verses written in iambic pentameter without any rhyme pattern is called blank verse. 10. Comedy:-is a play written to entertain its audience ends happily. 11. Classical:-means any writing that conforms to the rules and modes of old Greek and Latin written. 12. Canto:-is a sub-division of an epic or a narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel. 13. Chorus:-is a group of singers who stand alongside the stage in a drama. 14. Catharsis:-is emotional release of pity and fear...

1. Mary Wollstonecraft- A Vindication of the Right of Women (1792) 2. Simone De Beauvoir- The Second Sex (1949) 3. Helen Cixous- The Laugh of The Medusa (1975) 4. Elaine Showalter- Towards the Feminst Poetics (1977) 5. Judith Butler- Gender Trouble (1990) 6. Luce Irigaray- This Sex Which is Not One (1977) 7. Julia Kristeva- Semiotike (1969) 8. Margaret Atwood- The Handmaid’s Tale 9. Alice Walker- In Search of our Mother 10. Doris Lessing- The Golden Book 11. Angela Carter- The Bloody Chamber 12. Jane Austen- Emma 13. Alice Walker- Color Purple 14. Tony Morrison- Black Feminism 15. Louisa May Alcott- Little Women 16. Virginia Woolf- Orlando, Dalloway 17. Gertrude Stein- LGBTQ 18. Sylvia Plath- The Bell Jar 19. Margaret Atwood- Handmaid’s Tale 20. Maya Angelou- I Know Why the Caged Bird Sing 21. George Sand- Indiana 22. George Eliot- Middlemarch 23. Amy Tan- The Joy Lucky Club 24. Octavia E Butler- Mind of My Mind 25. Bell Hooks- All About Love 26. Sandra Cisneros- The House on Mango Str...

  Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855), an English novelist noted for Jane Eyre (1847), a strong narrative of a woman in conflict with her natural desires and social condition. Her novels gave new truthfulness to Victorian fiction and became classics of English literature. About Charlotte Bronte    Also Known As:                               Currer Bell       • Mrs. Arthur Bell Nicholls  April 21, 1816, Thornton, Yorkshire, England  March 31, 1855, Haworth, United Kingdom   Pneumonia  Arthur Bell Nicholls (m 1854 - 1855)  Maria Branwell, Patrick Brontë  Pensionnat de Demoiselles  Woman and Wife, Sangdil, Jane Eyre, Rochester - IMDb  Jane Eyre, Villette, Shirley, The Professor, Emma Brown   Notable Family Members:                        ...

It is a novel written by Jane Austen and published in 1811. Set in the early 19th century, the novel follows the lives and romantic entanglements of the Dashwood sisters, Elinor and Marianne, as they navigate societal expectations, financial challenges, and matters of the heart. 1) The title: "Sense and Sensibility," reflects the contrasting personalities of the two sisters. Elinor Dashwood embodies sense, representing practicality, restraint, and a rational approach to life. On the other hand, Marianne Dashwood embodies sensibility, characterized by passion, emotion, and a more spontaneous nature. The novel explores themes such as love, social class, and the role of women in a society where marriage often determines a woman's future. Austen's sharp wit and keen observations of human behavior are evident throughout the narrative, making "Sense and Sensibility" a classic work of literature that continues to captivate readers with its timeless portrayal of rel...

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. Old English (450-1100 AD) Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have...