Ba study material

The concept of the "carnivalesque" by Mikhail Bakhtin refers to a literary mode that subverts and liberates the assumptions of the dominant style or atmosphere through humor and chaos.  Bakhtin discusses this concept in his book "Rabelais and His World," where he analyzes the work of the French Renaissance writer François Rabelais.  The carnivelesque is characterized by grotesque, exaggerated, and free expressions of the social body that temporarily suspend official rules and structures.  In a carnival, typical hierarchies and social norms are inverted, freedom of expression is maximized, and the society experiences a temporary liberation from the usual norms and constraints.  This mode allows people to explore alternative ways of living and viewing the world.

1. Scottish Chaucerians: The Scottish Chaucerians were a group of poets in Scotland during the Renaissance period who were heavily influenced by the works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Major figures included Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and Gavin Douglas. They wrote in the Middle Scots language, which was the literary language of Scotland at the time. Their poetry often dealt with moral themes and satirized social issues. Henryson's fables and Dunbar's religious allegories are particularly renowned. The Scottish Chaucerians played a key role in continuing the literary traditions established by Chaucer in England. 2. University Wits:  The University Wits were a group of English Renaissance playwrights and poets who were educated at Oxford or Cambridge universities in the late 16th century. Key members included John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, Robert Greene, George Peele, and Thomas Nashe. Known for their wit and wordplay, they contributed greatly to the development of prose fiction and drama

The Sanskrit term 'Rasa,' often translated as 'juice,' 'essence,' or 'flavor,' occupies a central place in the Indian aesthetic framework, particularly within the realms of literature, drama, and the performing arts. This concept, deeply rooted in ancient Indian art and philosophy, serves to capture the quintessential emotional  experience that art is intended to evoke in an audience. Far from being a mere byproduct of artistic engagement, Rasa is considered the ultimate goal of art, where the audience attains a state of  aesthetic delight or emotional fulfillment that transcends ordinary experiences. At its core, Rasa theory posits that art has the power to distill complex human emotions and experiences into a form that can be universally understood and appreciated.  This distillation process involves the transformation of individual emotions or 'Bhavas' into a more profound and collective emotional experience. It is through this transformation

Roman Jakobson was a prominent structuralist critic who made significant contributions to the field of linguistics and literary theory. He believed that language and literature could be studied as structured systems, focusing on the relationships between elements rather than their individual meanings. Jakobson proposed that communication consists of six key functions: emotive, conative, referential, poetic, phatic, and metalingual. Each function serves a specific purpose in the communication process, from expressing emotions to establishing and maintaining contact. In his analysis of literature, Jakobson emphasized the poetic function, which focuses on the message itself and its artistic arrangement. He argued that the poetic function is what sets literary language apart from ordinary language, as it draws attention to the form and structure of the text. Jakobson also introduced the concept of "literariness," which refers to the qualities that make a text literary. He believe

Kamala Das (1934-2009) was one of the major Indian English women poet and short story writer. Kamala Das is known for her short stories in Malayam and for poems in English. Her writings are more popular for the open use of vulgarity and sexuality. About Life: Kamala Das was born on 31st March in Punnayurkulam in Thrissur District at Kerala in 1934. Her father was V.M Nair, editor of a Malayam daily titled Mathrubhumi and mother, Nalappatt Balamani Amma, a Malayali poetess. Most of her childhood was spent at Calcutta and at their ancestral home in Punnayurkulam. At the age of 15, Kamala got married to a bank officer, Madhava Das who was very supportive and encouraged her to writing interests. Her love for writing developed at an early under the influence of her uncle, Nalappatt Narayana Menon, a writer. She soon started writing and publishing in both English and Malayalam and founded her name among her contemporary writers. After falling in love with an Islamic scholar and a Muslim Leag

Our story begins in 13th-century Italy, where a poet named Giacomo da Lentini is believed to have invented the sonnet. The word “sonnet” itself comes from the Italian word “sonetto,” meaning “little song.” Back then, sonnets were often set to music and were a popular form of courtly love poetry. The Italian sonnet reached its zenith with the work of Francesco Petrarca (anglicized as Petrarch). This 14th-century poet was obsessed with a woman named Laura, and his countless sonnets exploring his unrequited love established the major themes of this poetic form.stanzas) and a rhyming couplet (2 lines). Rhyme Scheme:  ABAB CDCD EFEF GG Thematic Development: Each quatrain explores a specific aspect of a theme, followed by a concluding thought or resolution in the couplet. This structure allowed for greater complexity and a satisfying conclusion. Shakespeare’s most famous sonnet collection, published in 1609, explores themes of love, beauty, mortality, and time, often with a twist or a touch

One Hundred Years of Solitude in Ten Sentences : - José Arcadio Buendía and Úrsula Iguarán, fleeing a deadly feud, establish the isolated town of Macondo. - Macondo experiences wonder with inventions like ice and flying carpets, but also faces wars and plagues. - The Buendía family grapples with solitude despite passionate love affairs and intertwined lineages. - Colonel Aureliano Buendía fights countless revolutionary wars, living a life of solitude amidst them. - Úrsula, the family matriarch, endures hardship and witnesses the cyclical nature of their lives. - Magical realism infuses the story, with ghosts, insomnia plagues, and characters defying time. - Each generation of the Buendías mirrors the previous, carrying their strengths and inherited solitude. - Macondo flourishes and then mysteriously fades, becoming a forgotten memory. - The final Buendía deciphers a cryptic manuscript revealing the town's fate and his own lineage. - The cyclical nature of life, love, and solitude

20th Century English Literature /List of Famous Authors & Books Year Book Authors 1900 Lord Jim Joseph Conrad 1901 Kim Rudyard Kipling 1902 Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad 1903 The Ambassadors Henry James 1904 John Bull’s Other Island (play)  George Bernard Shaw 1905 Where Angels Fear to Tread E. M. Forster 1906 Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens J. M. Barrie 1907 The Playboy of the Western World J. M. Synge 1908 The Man Who Was Thursday G. K. Chesterton 1909 Tono-Bungay H. G. Wells 1910 Howards End E. M. Forster 1911 Under Western Eyes Joseph Conrad 1912 The Trespasser D. H. Lawrence 1913 Sons and Lovers D. H. Lawrence 1913 Gitanjali (Song Offering) (poetry) Rabindranath Tagore 1914 North of Boston (poetry) Robert Frost 1915 Of Human Bondage Somerset Maugham 1916 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man James Joyce 1917 Prufrock and Other Observations T. S. Eliot 1918 Eminent Victorians (biography) Lytton Strachey 1919Winesburg, Ohio (the first ‘lost generation’ novel) Sherwood Ande

Sahitya Akademi Award Winners  The award's purpose is to recognize and promote excellence in Indian writing and also acknowledge new trends. In English, the first Sahitya Akademi Award was conferred in 1960.   Year Book Author Category   1960 The Guide R. K. Narayan Novel  1964 The Serpent and the Rope Raja Rao Novel  1967 Shadow from Ladakh Bhabani Bhattacharya Novel  1971 Morning Face Mulk Raj Anand Novel  1975 Scholar Extraordinary Nirad C Chaudhari Biography  1976 Jawahar Lal Nehru Sarvepalli Gopal Biography  1977 Azadi Chaman Nahal Novel  1978 Fire on the Mountain Anita Desai Novel  1980 On the Mother K. R. S. Iyengar Biography  1981 Relationship Jayanta Mahapatra Poetry 1982 The Last Labyrinth Arun Joshi Novel  1983 Latter -Day Psalms Nissim Ezekiel Poetry 1984 The Keeper of the Dead Keki N. Daruwala Poetry  1985 Collected Poems Kamla Das Poetry  1986 Rich Like Us Nayantara Sahgal Novel  1988 The Golden Gate Vikram Seth Novel  1989 The Shadow Lines Amitav Ghosh Novel  1990 Th

Rubeena Yusuf Dark Comedy is also known as Dark Humour, Black Comedy, Black Humour, Morbid Humour and Gallows Humour. Black Comedy is a type of comedy that can also be used to provoke serious thoughts and discussion in a funny way. It is also used to discuss taboo subjects while adding an element of comedy. Theme of Dark Comedy ● Murder ● Violence ● Death ● Political Corruption ● Poverty ● Disease ● Femine ● War ● Terrorism etc. Origin of Dark Comedy The term Black Humour was coined by Andre Breton in 1935 in his work "Anthology of Black Humor". Breton coined the term for his book "Anthology of Black Humor" in which he credited Jonathan Swift as a originator of Black Humor and particularly in his pieces "Directions to Servants" (1731),  "A Modest Proposal" (1729),  "Meditation Upon a Broomstick"(1710). Examples of Dark Comedy Catch-22 by Joseph Heller  The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Great Authors of Dark Comedy ● Martin Amis ● John Ba

1. "Dubliners" by James Joyce 2. "Mrs. Dalloway" by Virginia Woolf 3. "The Garden Party" by Katherine Mansfield 4. "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" by Flannery O'Connor 5. "In Our Time" by Ernest Hemingway 6. "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot 7. "The Complete Stories" by Franz Kafka 8. "Ulysses" by James Joyce 9. "The Love Object" by Edna O'Brien 10. "The Complete Short Stories" by D.H. Lawrence 11. "The Portable Dorothy Parker" by Dorothy Parker 12. "Jacob's Room" by Virginia Woolf 13. "A Hunger Artist" by Franz Kafka 14. "The Collected Stories" by Katherine Mansfield 15. "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger 16. "The Bloody Chamber" by Angela Carter 17. "The Dubliners" by James Joyce 18. "Pale Fire" by Vladimir Nabokov 19. "The Quiet American" by Graham Greene 20. "The Complete Short

1918 His Family Ernest Poole  1921 The Age of Innocence Edith Wharton  1926 Arrowsmith Sinclair Lewis (declined the prize)  1932 The Good Earth Pearl S. Buck  1940 The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck  1941 No Award was Given The fiction jury had recommended the  1941 award go to Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. Although the Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, the president of Columbia University, Nicholas Murray Butler, persuaded the board to reverse its judgment because he deemed the novel  offensive, and no award was given that year.  1942 In This Our Life Ellen Glasgow  1943 Dragon’s Teeth Upton Sinclair  1947 All the King’s Men Robert Penn Warren  1953 The Old Man and the Sea Earnest Hemingway 1955 A Fable William Faulkner  1961 To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee  1963 The Reivers William Faulkner (posthumously)  1978 Elbow Room James McPharson  1980 The Executioner’s Song Norman Mailer  1981 A Confederacy of Dunces John Kennedy  1983 The Color Purple Al

BRITISH LITERATURE  {MAJOR WRITERS} Geoffrey Chaucer William langland  John Wycliffe John Mandeville Thomas Hoccleve  John lydgate Thomas Malory Desiderius Erasmus Thomas More William Tyndale Thomas Wyatt Thomas Norton and Sackville Beaumont and Fletcher Francis bacon Ben Jonson Edmund Spencer Philip Sidney William Shakespeare Christopher Marlowe Robert green Thomas Nash John lyly Ben Jonson John Milton John Dryden John Donne Andrew Marvel Alexander Pope John Bunyan William congreve William wycherley  Samuel Johnson Henry fielding Aphra Ben Samuel Richardson Tobias smollett Laurence stern R B Sheridan William Wordsworth S T Coleridge Charles lamb Thomas de Quincy PB Shelley Lord Byron Marry Shelley Ann Radcliffe Maria Edgeworth Sir Walter Scott Robert Southey William Blake William Hazlitt Jane Austen John Keats Charlotte Bronte Emily Bronte Walter pater R L Stevenson Matthew Arnold Elizabeth Browning Robert Browning Lord Tennyson Charles Dickens Lewis Carroll William M Thackeray Robert

Introduction: Structuralism, a concept that found its roots in the early 20th century, primarily through the pioneering work of linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, has significantly influenced literary theory. It underscores the discovery of the underlying structures that govern all human cultures, literature included, guiding readers to understand texts beyond their surface meaning. Understanding Structuralism: Originally grounded in linguistics, structuralism expanded into literary theory thanks to scholars like Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. It posits that literary texts are part of a broader system of signs and conventions, enabling a shared understanding among readers. Key Concepts: - Langue and Parole: Saussure's distinction between the overarching language system (langue) and individual speech acts (parole) illuminates how texts operate within a wider linguistic framework. - Binary Oppositions:   This concept reveals how narratives are structured around contrasting pai

1. Grammar Translation Method (GTM):    - Focus:  This method primarily focuses on the translation of texts from one language to another, typically from the target language to the native language.     - Approach:  It emphasizes the teaching of grammar rules, vocabulary, and translation skills. Students often learn grammatical rules deductively, starting from the rules and then applying them in translation exercises.    - Characteristics:  Reading and writing skills are emphasized, while speaking and listening skills may be neglected. Classes are often teacher-centered, with little student interaction.    - Purpose:  This method aims to develop reading comprehension and writing skills, as well as an understanding of grammar and vocabulary. It's often used in settings where the primary goal is to learn to read and translate literary texts. 2. Direct Method:    - Focus:  The Direct Method emphasizes learning through exposure and communication in the target language without the use of

Structuralism : Structuralism is a theoretical approach that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in the fields of linguistics, anthropology, and literary criticism. The key idea behind structuralism is that the underlying structure of a system, rather than its surface-level features, is what determines its meaning and significance. In linguistics, structuralists like Ferdinand de Saussure argued that language is a system of signs, where each sign is composed of a signifier (the physical form of the sign, such as a word) and a signified (the concept or meaning associated with the signifier). Saussure believed that the meaning of a sign is not inherent in the sign itself, but is determined by its relationship to other signs within the language system. In anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss applied structuralist principles to the study of human societies and cultures. He argued that the underlying structures of social institutions, such as kinship systems and myths, are what shape

Feminist literary theory is a complex, dynamic area of study that draws from a wide range of critical theories including psychoanalysis, Marxism, anthropology and structuralism. Feminist theorists celebrate the identity of women, defend their rights and promote women's writings andliterary works as a representation of their experiences. They criticize heterosexuality which, for them, organizes identities and culture in terms of the opposition between man and women. Most feminist literary theories share several assumptions: They generally agree that male-female gender relations impact all aspects of human social existence by establishing series of binarisms, such as: active/passive, presence/absence, universal/ particular in which the feminilized term occupies the devalued place. Feminists agree that female stereotypes expose women as soft, passive, vulnerable, and domestic made for children care and husband care. And, sometimes, women with ambitions of male dimensions are considere

# "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley  (1818): A Gothic science fiction novel that explores themes of creation, identity, and morality through the story of Dr. Victor Frankenstein and his monstrous creation. # "Swann's Way" by Marcel Proust (1913): The first volume of Proust's monumental novel, "In Search of Lost Time" (also known as "Remembrance of Things Past"), which delves into themes of memory, love, and the passage of time. # "The Red Badge of Courage" by Stephen Crane (1895): A gripping war novel that follows the experiences of a young soldier, Henry Fleming, during the American Civil War, examining the psychological toll of battle and the search for courage. # "The Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1880): A philosophical novel that delves into the lives of the Karamazov brothers, exploring themes of faith, morality, and the nature of evil. # "The Awakening" by Kate Chopin (1899): A groundbreaki

1. Khuswant Singh's - Train to Pakistan (1956) 2. Bhisam Sahini's - Tamas (1974) 3. Manohar Malgaonkar's - A Bend in the Ganges (1965) 4. Bapsi Sidhwa's - Ice Candy Man (1998) 5.  Salman Rushdie's - Midnight's Children (1980) 6. Anita Desai's - Clear Light of the Day 7. Attia Hussain's - Sunlight on a Broken Column (1961) 8. B Rajan's - The Dark Dancer 9. Chaman Nahal's - Azadi 10. Amitav Ghosh's - The Shadow Lines 11. Nayantara Sahgal's - A Strom in Chandigarh. 12. Vikram Seth's - The Suitable Boy. 13. Raj Gill's - The Rape 14. Shauna Singh Baldwin's - What the Body Remembers 15. Tahmina Anam's : - A Golden Age 16. Urvashi Butalia's - The Other Sides of Silence: Voices from  the Partition of India. 17. Larry Collins' - Freedom at Midnight. 18. Aarohan Atwal's - Zero Defect. 19. Ahmad Ali's - Twilight in Delhi. 20. Ram Manohar Lohia's - Guilty Men of India's Partition. 21. Ram Chandra Guha's- In

C.L Jung's main Archetypes & According to C.L Jung ,' Archetypes ' are patterns of psyche energy that originates in the collective unconscious and finding their most common and moral manifestations in dreams . &   C L Jung's main forms of Archetypes are generally regarded as A-- Shadow -- reflects deeper elements of our psyche. It consists of the sex and life instincts. B- Anima/ Animus -- Anima is the male image of a woman, and animus is the female image of a man. The anima/animus represents our true itself C- Self -- represents the unification of the consciousness. It's the centre and totality of the entire psyche. D-- Ego -- it is the centre of consciousness. It's identity. E-- Persona -- it's the image we present to the world.     

1901 Sully Prudhomme  1907 Rudyard Kipling  1913 Rabindranath Tagore  1923 W. B. Yeats  1925 George Bernard Shaw  1929 Thomas Mann 1930 Sinclair Lewis 1932 John Galsworthy  1934 Luigi Pirandello  1936 Eugene O’Neill  1938 Pearl S. Buck  1946 Hermann Hesse  1948 T. S. Eliot  1949 William Faulkner  1950 Bertrand Russel  1953 Sir Winston Churchill  1954 Ernest Hemingway  1957 Albert Camus  1962 John Steinbeck  1964 Jean-Paul-Sarte  1969 Samuel Beckett 1973 Patrick White  1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez  1983 William Golding  1986 Wole Soyinka  1991 Nadine Gordimer  1992 Derek Walcott  1993 Tony Morrison  1995 Seamus Heaney  1999 Gunter Gross  2001 V. S. Naipaul  2003 J. M. Coetzee  2005 Harold Pinter  2007 Doris Lessing  2013 Alice Munroe  2015 Svetlana Alexieich  2016 Bob Dylon  2017 Kazuo Ishiguro  2018 Olga Tokarczuk  2019 Peter Handke  2020 Louise Glück  2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah 2022 Annie Ernaux 2023 Jon Fosse

RUSSIAN FORMALISM It is a type of literary theory and analysis which emerged in the second decade of  the twentieth century. As it was started in St. Petersburg and Moscow, henceforth  the name Russian Formalism. This movement includes some crucial names like Viktor Shklovsky, Boris Eichenbaum, Roman Jakobson, Jan Mukarovsky, Rene  Wellek, Peter Bogatyrev, G. O. Vinokur, Boris Tomashevsky, Osip Brik and Yuri  Tynyanov.  They were mainly linguists and historians and forms two groups which  are— (a)Moscow Linguistic Circle, which was formed in 1915 (b) The OPOYAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Language), formed in Petrogard in 1916 Formalism views literary works mainly as a specialised use of language and  draws line of distinction between the literary (or poetic) and the ordinary, “practical” use of language, as M. H. Abrams writes in his book ‘A Glossary of Literary Terms.’ He also writes that this literary movement proposes that the central function of ordinary language is to commun

# Structuralism traces the conventions of Literacy genre, inter-textual connection and universal narrative structure. # Five codes of Roland Barthes are identified in his book S/Z. # Structuralism claims that "things can't be understood in isolation, they have to be seen in the context of the larger structures they are part of. # In accordance with Structuralism, the part/ utterance/ parole/ can be equated to the whole structure/system /language. # Claude Levi- Struss , the French anthropologist is regarded as the pioneer of Structuralism, in Oedipus Rex ,he gave a structural reading. #Ferdinand de Saussure argued that language is structured out of differences. # Structuralism was influenced by Levi Strauss and Roland Barthes. # Claude Levi-Struss argued that the same underlying rules and structures govern family relationships in different cultures all over the world. # Roland Barthes says that the literary critic's relationship to literary discourse is the same as the lin

1):- David Copperfield → Charles Dickens 2):- Hamlet → William Shakespeare 3):- The Rime of the Ancient Mariner → Samuel Taylor Coleridge 4):- Das Capital → Karl Mark 5):- Animal Farm → George Orwell  6):- Dialogues → Plato 7):- Tempest → William Shakespeare 8):- Main Kemp → Ad loaf Hitler 9):- Mother → Maxim Gorky 10):- As You Like it → William Shakespeare 11):- Paradise Lost → John Milton 12):- The Tale of Two Cities → Charles Dickens 13):- The Merchant of Venice → William Shakespeare 14):- Pride and Prejudice → Jane Austen 15):- All’s Well that Ends Well → William Shakespeare 16):- Anna Karenina → Leo Tolstoy 17):- Origin of Species → Charles Darwin 18):- Discovery of India → Jawahar Lal Nehru 19):- Asian Drama → Gunner Myrdal 20):- The Old Man and The Sea → Earnest Hemingway 21):- Julius Caesar → William Shakespeare 22):- Man and Superman → George Bernard Shaw 23):- War and Peace → Leo Tolstoy 24):- Gulliver’s Travels → Jonathan Swift 25):- Heaven and Earth → Lord Byron 26):- Blue