Ba study material

Gᴇᴏʀɢᴇ Bᴇʀɴᴀʀᴅ Sʜᴀᴡ   1856-1950   Born in Dublin   An active member of the Fabian Society   A freethinker   A supporter of women's rights   An advocate of equality of income, the abolition of private property, and a radical change in the voting system   Campaigned for the simplification of spelling and punctuation and the reform of the English alphabet   Well known as a journalist and public speaker   1885-1908: he won fame as a journalist- with the Pall Mall Gazette (1885)   The World (1886-94) – as an art critic   The Star (1888) – as a music critic   A drama critic for the Saturday Review (1895-8)   He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925 Five unsuccessful novels   IMMATURITY   THE IRRATIONAL KNOT   LOVE AMONG THE ARTISTS   CASHEL BYRON'S PROFESSION (1886)   AN UNSOCIAL SOCIALIST (1887)   PLAYS: PLEASANT AND UNPLEASANT (1898) • Contained seven works • Three “unpleasant” and four “pleasant” The Unpleasant Plays   WIDOWERS' HOUSES (PUB. 1893) • His first play • It is desi

Epistemology:  The study of how we know or gain knowledge. Feminist epistemology refers to the way feminists as a whole have constructed alternative forms of knowledge and self-expression. Essentialism: A belief in the real, true essence of things; an investment in the invariable and fixed properties that define something. Exoticization :  The process by which a person or group of people is simultaneously sexualized and made “Other” (e.g., tourist brochures often exoticize Hawaiian women). Feminization: The process by which something takes on the characteristics of thestereotypically feminine. Fluid:  Resisting one fixed and unchangeable form (e.g., fluid sexuality, fluid identity). “The Gaze”: The symbolic and literal act of looking at, and objectifying, those in a lower position of power than oneself. Gender identity: The subjective but continuous, persistent sense of oneself as male or female. Gender presentation:  The presentation of one’s gender through personality or bodily dress

Ulysses by Alfred Lord Tennyson in Ten Sentences  1. Ulysses is a dramatic monologue written in 1833 by Alfred Lord Tennyson, the future Poet Laureate of Great Britain.  2. The poem is spoken by Ulysses, a character who also appears in Homer's Greek epic The Odyssey and Dante's Italian epic the Inferno.  3. In this poem, an aged Ulysses is frustrated with domestic life and yearns to set sail again and continue exploring the world.  4. Unlike in The Odyssey where Ulysses/Odysseus struggles to return home, Tennyson's Ulysses seeks to abandon his dreary kingdom of Ithaca to reclaim lost glory in a final adventure on the seas.  5. The poem presents the indomitable courage and adventurous zeal of old Ulysses.  6. Ulysses nostalgically recalls his many adventures and the friends he made during his travels.  7. The poem is a stirring dramatic monologue, outlining Ulysses' plans.  8. Ulysses is portrayed as a hero with boundless curiosity and an undaunted spirit.  9. The poem a

Background :  William Shakespeare wrote this play between 1596 and 1599. Though this play is a comic work but is famous for its dramatic scenes. The Merchant of Venice summary revolves around a merchant of Venice, Antonio. Antonio is the protagonist of this play. He took a loan from a Jewish moneylender, Shylock, in order to help his friend. But Antonio is unable to pay back the loan. Shylock demands a pound of flesh from his body in the absence of the repayment. Portia, a rich heiress, disguises as a lawyer and saves Antonio from Shylock. The plot of the Merchant of Venice summary is based on friendship, loyalty, wit, kindness, and humanity.  Summary:-  The story starts with Bassanio’s desire to marry Portia, a wealthy heiress of Belmont. In order to become a suitor to her, he is in need of 3000 ducats. He seeks Antonio’s help who is a merchant of Venice and also his friend. But, Antonio says that he is short of cash as his ships and merchandise are expected. However, he assures Bassa

1.Ancient Greece Three periods: 1. Archaic:  Before the Archaic period, it was the Greek Dark Ages, characterized by ignorance, injustices, and various kinds of misery 2. Classical 3. Hellenistic Archaic Period  About 9th cent BC to 5th cent BC  City-states formed  Constantly at war with one another  Ruled by tyrants  Persians were their common enemy  Poets: Homer, Hesiod and Sappho Classical Period  5th-4th century  Athens  Athens emerged as the most powerful of the Greek city-states  Ruled by the famous ruler, Pericles  Tremendous flowering of the arts and letters  Disciplines such as political thought, aesthetics, physics, ethics, linguistics, biology, logic and mathematics developed 2.Rise of Philosophy  Pre-Socratic philosophers (6th century BC)  Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Xenophanes of Colophon, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, Sophists  Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Hellenistic Period  The period is from the time of Alexander the Great  Alex

John Wycliffe • The first hand-written English language Bible manuscripts were believed to be  produced in the 1380's AD by John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, scholar,  and theologian • Wycliffe's Bible is the name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that were made under the direction of John Wycliffe. They appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395 • One of Wycliffe’s followers, John Hus, actively promoted Wycliffe’s ideas: that  people should be permitted to read the Bible in their own language, and they  should oppose the tyranny of the Roman church that threatened anyone possessing a non-Latin Bible with execution. Hus was burned at the stake  in 1415, with Wycliffe’s manuscript Bibles used as kindling for the fire. Gutenberg, Cole, Erasmus • Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1450's, and the first book to ever be printed was a Latin language Vulgate Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany. • In 1496, John Colet, an Oxfo

Objective Correlative   $  Objective correlative was e term used by T.S Eliot in his essay 'Hamlet and his problems ' ,and published in 'The Sacred Wood(1920) $  The Objective Correlative is that formula for creating a specific emotional reaction merely by the presence of certain words, objects, or items juxtaposed with eachother. $ According to Eliot,the only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an Objective Correlative. $ Objective correlative can be          A set of objects     A set of situations    A chain of events that are used to evoke a particular emotion. A-- Objective Correlative in a horror story.   Cracking of door, sound of thunder, owl's screeching, dog's barking. B- Objective Correlative in a romantic story Roses, poetry, romantic music etc. $ T S Eliot says that sleepwalking scene of Lady Macbeth was a perfect Objective Correlative because readers can easily understand the state of mind of lady Macbeth through that scene. $

 "Paradise Lost" is an epic poem in blank verse written by the 17th century poet John Milton. John Milton was born in 1608 and died in 1674. 'Paradise Lost' was first published in 1667. Milton had begun to write this poem in 1658.To justify the ways of God to men is the purpose of Milton. The qualities of an epic are found in Paradise Lost. The word epic is derived from the Greek word "epis" which means unwritten narrative poem. According to the Oxford Companion to English Literature, epic is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative and the achievement of one or more personages of history or tradition. Epics are divided into two categories: 1) primary epic,  2)secondary epic. The primary epic is also called folk epic or primitive epic. Again, the secondary epic is known as literary epic. Folk epics are written by unknown author like "Beowulf". Literary epics are written by a poet borrowing the conventions of epic like "Aene

  Post Structuralism  @ Derrida's lecture , ' Structure, Sign, and play' in the discourse of the human sciences '(1996) is an important landmark in Post-structuralist reading. @ Post Structuralism is based on philosophy. @ Post Structuralism is a break from Structuralism and pioneered by Roland Barthes. @ Roland Barthes write ,'The death of the Author ' in 1968 to announce that reader produces the text  @ Derrida claimed that 'The universe is relativistic or decentered and there are no absolutes/ fixed points. @ Derrida states Texts are fragmented ,self divided and centerless. @ 'There is nothing outside the text' is a popular statement from Derrida. @ Deconstructionists look for ' internal contradictions or inconsistency in the text'. @ Deconstructionists aim to show the disunity which underlies text's apparent unity. @ The three stages of Deconstructive reading are the verbal, textual and linguistic phase. @ Peter Barry cites Dyl

Male Gaze Theory @  By Laura Mulvey, a British Feminist, film Theorist. @ Best known for her essay ," Visual pleasure and narrative Cinema-(1975)", in the influential British film theory journal ' Screen'. @ Influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. # Male Gaze  @  It refers to when heterosexual man stares at a woman in a sexualized or objectified way ,.And results in  A-- Empowering Man B-- Objectifying woman @  Two distinct modes of Male Gaze during 50's and 60's era of Hollywood movies. A-- Voyeuristic -- sexual pleasure gaines from watching others. B- Fetishistic-- seeing women as substitute.

*James Joyce's Ulysses in Ten Sentences*  1. Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce, considered one of the most important works of modernist literature.  2. The novel chronicles the experiences of three Dubliners over the course of a single day, 16 June 1904.  3. Leopold Bloom, an advertiser, is the protagonist of the novel.  4. The novel is a loose adaptation of Homer's epic poem The Odyssey, establishing parallels between Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus.  5. The novel is highly allusive and written in a variety of styles, with a stream of consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose.  6. It's celebrated for its rich characterisation, broad humour, and its treatment of complex themes like antisemitism, human sexuality, British rule in Ireland, Catholicism, and Irish nationalism.  7. The novel was first serialized in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to De