Ba study material

International Fallacy -  the importance of author 's intention for the creation of a work of art . The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson (1941) Philosophic Words:  A study of style and meaning in the Rambler. Focused areas - Impressionism, subjectivism, relativism Kenyan Review( Hateful Contraries: Studies in Literature and Criticism (1965) Works The Verbal Icon:  Studies in the meaning of Poetry (1954) Literary Criticism:  A short History (1957)  Elucidation/ Criticism Paul de man criticises Wimsatt in his Blindness and Insights.   Terms Concrete Universal The domain of Criticism ( defends the domain of poetry from the art of general aesthetician    William Wimsatt/ Munroe C Beardsley International Fallacy ( author's intention) conceptual model Affective Fallacy (the reader's intention) mental model   Verbal Icon:  Studies in the meaning poetry(1954) A- Intentional Fallacy Is a mistake that people do when they derive meaning out of some work taking into consideration the auth

1)David Copperfield → Charles Dickens 2)Hamlet → William Shakespeare 3)The Rime of the Ancient Mariner → Samuel Taylor Coleridge 4) Das Capital → Karl Mark 5) Animal Farm → George Orwell  6)Dialogues → Plato 7) Tempest → William Shakespeare 8)Main Kemp → Ad loaf Hitler 9) Mother → Maxim Gorky 10)As You Like it → William Shakespeare 11)Paradise Lost → John Milton 12) The Tale of Two Cities → Charles Dickens 13)The Merchant of Venice → William Shakespeare 14)Pride and Prejudice → Jane Austen 15)All’s Well that Ends Well → William Shakespeare 16)Anna Karenina → Leo Tolstoy 17)Origin of Species → Charles Darwin 18)Discovery of India → Jawahar Lal Nehru 19)Asian Drama → Gunner Myrdal 20)The Old Man and The Sea → Earnest Hemingway 21)Julius Caesar → William Shakespeare 22) Man and Superman → George Bernard Shaw 23)War and Peace → Leo Tolstoy 24)Gulliver’s Travels → Jonathan Swift 25)Heaven and Earth → Lord Byron 26)Blue Bird → Lord Alfred Tennyson 27)Othello → William Shakespeare 28) India W

Thomash Love Peacock The four ages of Poetry (1820) Published in the journal 'Literary Miscellany ' In this essay, he wrote about the gradual origin and development of poetry in four ages: age of Iron; Age of Gold; Age of Silver; Age of Brass . Poetry originated in the Iron age. The Golden age was the age of the noblest poetic productions. In the silver age (artificial) the poems imitate the Golden age. The Brass age was the age of poetic decay and decline. The current brass era was marked, according to Peacock, by poems of " Verbose and minutely -detailed description of thoughts, passions, actions, persons, and things." Peacock in this essay defined the poet as 'a semi- barbarian in a civilised community '. # Essays The four ages of Poetry (1820) Recollections of childhood: The Abbey House(1837) Memoirs of Shelley (1858-62) The Last Day of Windsor Forest (1887) # Novels Headlong Hall (1815) Melincourt(1817) Nightmare Abbey (1818) Maid Marian (1822) The Misfor

Age of Chaucer (1343-1400)   - Geoffrey Chaucer, born around 1343, is often regarded as the “Father of English Literature” and a key figure in the Middle English period.   - The Age of Chaucer spans the 14th century, marked by significant historical, social, and cultural changes. Historical Context:   - The 14th century witnessed the aftermath of the Black Death, causing demographic shifts and social upheavals.   - Political instability, including the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, influenced the collective psyche of the time. Chaucer’s Life:   - Geoffrey Chaucer’s life was embedded in the courtly and bureaucratic circles. He served in various capacities, including a diplomat and customs official.   - His exposure to diverse social classes and experiences is reflected in his literary works. Literary Contributions :   - Chaucer’s most famous work, “The Canterbury Tales,” is a collection of stories told by pilgrims on a journey. It provides a vivid snapshot of medieval En

About  Buchi Emecheta  : Buchi Emecheta was a Nigerian novelist who wrote about the experiences of women in post-colonial Africa. She was born on July 21, 1944, in Lagos, Nigeria, and passed away on January 25, 2017, in London, UK. Emecheta's works often explore themes of gender, identity, race, and culture, and are known for their vivid portrayal of Nigerian and African life. Some of Buchi Emecheta's most notable works include: "The Joys of Motherhood" (1979):  This novel follows the life of Nnu Ego, a Nigerian woman who struggles to find her place in a rapidly changing society. The book explores the challenges faced by women in a patriarchal culture, and the pressures of motherhood and marriage. "Second-Class Citizen" (1974):  This semi-autobiographical novel tells the story of Adah, a Nigerian woman who moves to London with her husband and struggles to find her voice in a foreign culture. The book addresses issues of racism, sexism, and immigration, and i

  The Vedas:  The oldest texts in Sanskrit, consisting of religious hymns, rituals, and philosophical teachings. The Rigveda is the most ancient of the four Vedas.   Mahabharata:  An epic narrative attributed to sage Vyasa, the Mahabharata is a complex and sprawling epic that explores the conflicts between two families, the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It contains the Bhagavad Gita, a philosophical discourse on duty and righteousness.   Ramayana:  Another epic attributed to sage Valmiki, the Ramayana tells the story of Prince Rama's quest to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. It highlights moral and ethical values and is revered as a sacred text in Hinduism. Puranas:  A collection of ancient Hindu texts that contain narratives about gods, goddesses, and various legends. The eighteen major Puranas include the Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata Purana.   Arthashastra:  Written by Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta), the Arthashastra is an ancient

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) Simone de Beauvoir denies that gender differences are based on biology, insisting that "one is not born, but becomes a woman". In her work The second Sex, Simone gives a detailedanalysis of women's oppression and a foundational track of contemporary feminism. Written in 1949, its English translation was published in 1953. It sets out a feminist existentialism which prescribes a moral revolution. Moreover, the author argues that women have been historically considered deviant and abnormal and contends that even Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) considered men to be the ideal toward which women should aspire. Betty Friendan (1921-2006) Betty Friendan identified ways in which traditional feminine gender roles stifle women's development and emphasized sexism as inherently dehumanizing. In 1963, she wrote The Feminine Mystique criticizing the idea that women could only find fulfillment through child bearing and home-making. She hypothesizes tha

Introduction : The Sound and the Fury is a 1929 novel by William Faulkner. It tells the story of the Compson family, a once-great aristocratic family that is now in decline. The novel is divided into four parts, each of which is narrated by a different member of the Compson family. The first part of the novel is narrated by Benjy Compson, a mentally disabled young man. Benjy's narration is fragmented and stream-of-consciousness, and it is difficult to follow at times. However, Benjy's narration provides a unique perspective on the Compson family and their downfall. The second part of the novel is narrated by Quentin Compson, Benjy's older brother. Quentin is a brilliant but troubled young man who is obsessed with the past and with the decline of his family. Quentin's narration is more coherent than Benjy's, but it is still full of symbolism and complex imagery. The third part of the novel is narrated by Jason Compson, Quentin's younger brother. Jason is a materi

Eco Fiction Works   👉 The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. 👉 The word for world is forst- Ursula Leguin. 👉 Gold Fame Citrus - Claire vaye Watkins. 👉 The Drowned world- JG Ballard 👉 The Overstory by Richard Powers. 👉 Salvage the bones by Jesmyn Ward. 👉 The Road by Cormac Mac Carthy 👉 American war by  Omar Ei Akkad. 👉 Claude by James Bradley 👉 Flight behaviour by Barbara Kingsolver 👉 The Swarm by Frank Schatzing 👉 Dure by Frank Herbert 👉 Fauna by Christiane Vandrais 👉 Humming bird by Salemander- Jeff Vandermeer

Kyd's Spanish Tragedy # Was written between 1582 and 1589 # It was a revenge Tragedy # It was modelled on Seneca's revenge Tragedies. # The central motif of the play is the revenge of Hironimo, Marshall of the Spain for the murder of his son Horatio. # Horatio, in love with the beautiful Belimperia,was murdered by the prince of Portugal and by Belimperia's brother Lorenzo, who wanted her to marry the prince . # Kyd's play introduced a new kind of Character in drama an obsessive, brooding and mistrust full plotter.

1. Dramatic monologue is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character. 2. It's traditionally associated with Victorian poets like Robert Browning and Alfred Lord Tennyson. 3. The speaker in a dramatic monologue is a character other than the author who expresses their thoughts and feelings throughout the poem. 4. This form of poetry is dramatic as it often involves imaginary characters speaking to silent listeners. 5. The speaker is often at a critical moment in their life and the poem represents a kind of self-exploration . 6. The speaker may reveal their character in a moment of self-justification or explanation. 7. The dramatic monologue can offer deep insights into the speaker's feelings, motives, and values. 8. The listener in a dramatic monologue is often implied, and they may be either present in the poem or absent. 9. The dramatic monologue is a powerful medium for character study and psychological analysis. 10. Famous examples of drama

Pre-Romanticism  When George III ascended the throne (1760-1820) England was one of the greatest powers in the World. It had a  certain prosperity at home and vast possessions overseas. Unfortunately during George long reign American Colonies rebelled in the War of the Independence.  Then in those years new scientific inventions brought England to be an industrial nation (use of steam power, ships were built).In agriculture and cattle farmers were obliged to leave the  land and to move to the industrial centers. Large masses of people were living in unhealthy and miserable conditions.  England found itself engaged in a series of wars: first against Revolutionary and then against Napoleonic France.  England acquired new colonies in South Africa, Central America and Asia, but these long years of war left the  country in debts, the working classes in starvation and the new industries enriched.  One of the most important poets of this period was William Blake who wrote: Poetical Sketches,

Ode 1. An ode is a lyrical poem that praises or addresses a particular subject, often in an elevated and formal style. 2. The three main types of odes are Pindaric , Horatian , and Irregular . 3. Pindaric odes, named after the ancient Greek poet Pindar , are divided into three parts: strophe , antistrophe , and epode , each with a distinct rhyme scheme and meter. 4. Horatian odes, named after the Roman poet Horace , have a more uniform structure and a contemplative tone. 5. Irregular odes do not follow a specific structure or rhyme scheme and are more common in modern poetry . 6. Odes often use apostrophe , a rhetorical device in which the poet directly addresses an absent person, object, or abstract concept. 7. Famous ode writers include John Keats ("Ode on a Grecian Urn"), Percy Bysshe Shelley ("Ode to the West Wind"), and Pablo Neruda ("Ode to My Socks"). 8. Odes celebrate the beauty , importance , or enduring nature of their subjects. 9. The langu

Introduction: In the evolving landscape of literary theory, post-structuralism emerges as a pivotal movement that transcends the rigid confines of structuralism, inviting a more fluid interpretation of texts. This critical framework, burgeoning in the late 20th century, challenges the notion of fixed meanings and structures, advocating for the inherent instability of language and its implications for textual analysis. Origins and Key Thinkers: Post-structuralism, rooted in the philosophical insights of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Roland Barthes, among others, serves as a response to the structuralist endeavor to uncover the universal structures underlying human culture. Derrida's concept of "deconstruction" particularly illuminates the movement's ethos, highlighting the elusiveness of fixed meanings within texts and the endless deferment of signification. Core Concepts: - Textuality and Intertextuality:  This principle posits that texts are not isolated enti